Product: GAPDH Antibody
Catalog: AF7021
Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody to GAPDH
Application: WB IHC IF/ICC
Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat, Pig, Bovine, Goat, Monkey, Chicken
Prediction: Pig, Bovine, Horse, Sheep, Rabbit, Dog, Chicken, Xenopus
Mol.Wt.: 37kDa; 36kD(Calculated).
Uniprot: P04406
RRID: AB_2839421

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Lead Time: Same day delivery

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Product Info

Source:
Rabbit
Application:
WB 1:3000-1:30000, IHC 1:50-1:200, IF/ICC 1:200
*The optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
*Tips:

WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. IHC: For immunohistochemical detection of paraffin sections (IHC-p) or frozen sections (IHC-f) of tissue samples. IF/ICC: For immunofluorescence detection of cell samples. ELISA(peptide): For ELISA detection of antigenic peptide.

Reactivity:
Human,Mouse,Rat,Pig,Bovine,Goat,Monkey,Chicken
Prediction:
Horse(100%), Sheep(100%), Rabbit(100%), Dog(100%), Xenopus(90%)
Clonality:
Polyclonal
Specificity:
GAPDH antibody detects endogenous levels of total GAPDH.
RRID:
AB_2839421
Cite Format: Affinity Biosciences Cat# AF7021, RRID:AB_2839421.
Conjugate:
Unconjugated.
Purification:
The antiserum was purified by peptide affinity chromatography using SulfoLink™ Coupling Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Storage:
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. Store at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.
Alias:

Fold/Unfold

GAPDH, A1 40 kd subunit, Activator 1 40 kd subunit, G3PD, GAPD, G3pdh, Rfc40, Rf-c 40 kd subunit

Immunogens

Immunogen:

A synthesized peptide derived from human GAPDH.

Uniprot:
Gene(ID):
Description:
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) iswell known as one of the key enzymes involved in glycolysis.As well as functioning as a glycolytic enzyme in cytoplasm,recent evidence suggests that mammalian GAPDHis also involved in a great number of intracellular procesessuch as membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, phosphotransferaseactivity, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication,and DNA repair.
Sequence:
MGKVKVGVNGFGRIGRLVTRAAFNSGKVDIVAINDPFIDLNYMVYMFQYDSTHGKFHGTVKAENGKLVINGNPITIFQERDPSKIKWGDAGAEYVVESTGVFTTMEKAGAHLQGGAKRVIISAPSADAPMFVMGVNHEKYDNSLKIISNASCTTNCLAPLAKVIHDNFGIVEGLMTTVHAITATQKTVDGPSGKLWRDGRGALQNIIPASTGAAKAVGKVIPELNGKLTGMAFRVPTANVSVVDLTCRLEKPAKYDDIKKVVKQASEGPLKGILGYTEHQVVSSDFNSDTHSSTFDAGAGIALNDHFVKLISWYDNEFGYSNRVVDLMAHMASKE

Predictions

Predictions:

Score>80(red) has high confidence and is suggested to be used for WB detection. *The prediction model is mainly based on the alignment of immunogen sequences, the results are for reference only, not as the basis of quality assurance.

Species
Results
Score
Pig
100
Horse
100
Bovine
100
Sheep
100
Dog
100
Chicken
100
Rabbit
100
Xenopus
90
Zebrafish
0
Model Confidence:
High(score>80) Medium(80>score>50) Low(score<50) No confidence

Research Backgrounds

Function:

Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC. Modulates the organization and assembly of the cytoskeleton. Facilitates the CHP1-dependent microtubule and membrane associations through its ability to stimulate the binding of CHP1 to microtubules (By similarity). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma treatment assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation.

PTMs:

S-nitrosylation of Cys-152 leads to interaction with SIAH1, followed by translocation to the nucleus (By similarity). S-nitrosylation of Cys-247 is induced by interferon-gamma and LDL(ox) implicating the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex and seems to prevent interaction with phosphorylated RPL13A and to interfere with GAIT complex activity.

ISGylated.

Sulfhydration at Cys-152 increases catalytic activity.

Oxidative stress can promote the formation of high molecular weight disulfide-linked GAPDH aggregates, through a process called nucleocytoplasmic coagulation. Such aggregates can be observed in vivo in the affected tissues of patients with Alzheimer disease or alcoholic liver cirrhosis, or in cell cultures during necrosis. Oxidation at Met-46 may play a pivotal role in the formation of these insoluble structures. This modification has been detected in vitro following treatment with free radical donor (+/-)-(E)-4-ethyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexenamide. It has been proposed to destabilize nearby residues, increasing the likelihood of secondary oxidative damages, including oxidation of Tyr-45 and Met-105. This cascade of oxidations may augment GAPDH misfolding, leading to intermolecular disulfide cross-linking and aggregation.

Succination of Cys-152 and Cys-247 by the Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate, which leads to S-(2-succinyl)cysteine residues, inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Fumarate concentration as well as succination of cysteine residues in GAPDH is significantly increased in muscle of diabetic mammals. It was proposed that the S-(2-succinyl)cysteine chemical modification may be a useful biomarker of mitochondrial and oxidative stress in diabetes and that succination of GAPDH and other thiol proteins by fumarate may contribute to the metabolic changes underlying the development of diabetes complications.

Subcellular Location:

Cytoplasm>Cytosol. Nucleus. Cytoplasm>Perinuclear region. Membrane. Cytoplasm>Cytoskeleton.
Note: Translocates to the nucleus following S-nitrosylation and interaction with SIAH1, which contains a nuclear localization signal (By similarity). Postnuclear and Perinuclear regions.

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Subunit Structure:

Homotetramer. Interacts with TPPP; the interaction is direct. Interacts (when S-nitrosylated) with SIAH1; leading to nuclear translocation. Interacts with RILPL1/GOSPEL, leading to prevent the interaction between GAPDH and SIAH1 and prevent nuclear translocation. Interacts with CHP1; the interaction increases the binding of CHP1 with microtubules. Associates with microtubules (By similarity). Interacts with EIF1AD, USP25, PRKCI and WARS1. Interacts with phosphorylated RPL13A; inhibited by oxidatively-modified low-densitity lipoprotein (LDL(ox)). Component of the GAIT complex. Interacts with FKBP6; leading to inhibit GAPDH catalytic activity.

Family&Domains:

The [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif is a proposed target motif for cysteine S-nitrosylation mediated by the iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex.

Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.

Research Fields

· Environmental Information Processing > Signal transduction > HIF-1 signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

· Human Diseases > Neurodegenerative diseases > Alzheimer's disease.

· Metabolism > Carbohydrate metabolism > Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis.

· Metabolism > Global and overview maps > Metabolic pathways.

· Metabolism > Global and overview maps > Carbon metabolism.

· Metabolism > Global and overview maps > Biosynthesis of amino acids.

References

1). Gut microbial alterations in arginine metabolism determine bone mechanical adaptation. Cell metabolism, 2024 (PubMed: 38718794) [IF=29.0]

2). Large-scale generation of functional mRNA-encapsulating exosomes via cellular nanoporation. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2019 (PubMed: 31844155) [IF=28.1]

Application: WB    Species: Mice    Sample: Tumour cells

Fig. 5 | CNP increases exosome release through HSP–p53–TASP6 signalling pathway. a, Simulated temperature changes at five selected locations. A 200 V and 10 ms pulse created a localized ‘hot spot’ in the nanochannel outlet with a power density of ~1 × 1014 W m−3 and a peak temperature up to 60 °C from room temperature. Once the pulse ended, the hot spot vanished rapidly due to the extremely small volume of the heated fluid inside the nanochannel (~1 × 10−12 cm3 ) compared with the bulk solution outside the nanochannel (~0.1 cm3 ). b, Top-down images of MEFs (green) attaching to the surface of the CNP device. Red dots show nanochannel locations and room temperature before CNP transfection (0 s). White arrows indicate locations of the nanochannels. The CNP electric pulse (CNP) sharply increases temperature at the nanochannel–cell surface interface. c, Cross-section view of nanochannels shows temperature changes in the nanochannels before (0 s), during and after (1 s) a CNP pulse. d, Temperature at the cell–nanochannel interface transiently (<1 s) increases to ~60 °C. e, Western blot of HSP90 and HSP70 from untreated (PBS) and CNP (with PBS)-stimulated (CNP) MEFs. f, DLS measurements of exosome concentrations from 108 CNP-stimulated MEFs with or without HSP inhibitors show that HSP70 and HSP90 are critical for the production of exosomes. NVP-HSP990, HSP90 inhibitor; VER155008, HSP70 inhibitor. g, Western blots show that CNP increases expression of p53 and TSAP6 protein in p53 wild-type MEFs, but does not affect p53 or TSAP6 protein expression in p53−/− MEFs. h, DLS measurements of exosome concentrations show that knockdown of p53 can partially block exosome release after CNP. i, Schematic of a proposed mechanism for CNP triggering of exosome release in CNP-transfected cells. Data are from three independent experiments and are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Two-sided Student’s t-test was used for the comparison.

3). In situ MUC1-specific CAR engineering of tumor-supportive macrophages stimulates tumoricidal immunity against pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Nano Today, 2023 [IF=17.4]

4). Macrophage-tumor chimeric exosomes accumulate in lymph node and tumor to activate the immune response and the tumor microenvironment. Science Translational Medicine, 2021 (PubMed: 34644149) [IF=17.1]

5). CXCL13/CXCR5 Signaling Contributes to Diabetes-induced Tactile Allodynia via Activating pERK, pSTAT3, pAKT Pathways and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Production in the Spinal Cord of male mice. BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY, 2019 (PubMed: 31100371) [IF=15.1]

Application: WB    Species: mouse    Sample: spinal cord

Fig. 8.| (A) Comparison of mechanical threshold in WT group, db/db control group and db/db + U0126 administration group. The mechanical pain threshold was lower than those in the WT group. The mechanical pain threshold in the db/db + U0126 group were higher than those in the db/db control group. *** P < 0.001 vs WT mice; ## P < 0.01 vs db/db mice at the same age, Two-Way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test, n = 6 mice per group. (B-G) Analysis protein expression levels in the spinal cord of the db/db control group and the db/db + U0126 administration group. * P < 0.05 vs db/db mice at the same age, Student’s t test, n = 3mice per group.

6). OR11H1 Missense Variant Confers the Susceptibility to Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease by Mediating Gadd45g Expression. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2024 (PubMed: 38168905) [IF=15.1]

7). Single-Cell Atlas of Human Ovaries Reveals The Role Of The Pyroptotic Macrophage in Ovarian Aging. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2024 (PubMed: 38036420) [IF=15.1]

8). Extracellular vesicles derived from human dermal fibroblast effectively ameliorate skin photoaging via miRNA-22-5p-GDF11 axis. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023 [IF=15.1]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: HDFs

Fig. 4. The effect of EV treatment on signaling pathway. (A) Analysis of protein expression levels of MAPK family in EV-treated HDFs. (B) Western blotting analysis of protein levels of TGF-β family. (C) Western blotting analysis of protein levels of MAPK family. (D) Western blotting analysis of protein levels of TGF-β family. Values are represented as mean ± SD. n = 3 per group.

9). Identification of anthelmintic parbendazole as a therapeutic molecule for HNSCC through connectivity map-based drug repositioning. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2022 (PubMed: 35646536) [IF=14.5]

10). In situ synthesis and unidirectional insertion of membrane proteins in liposome-immobilized silica stationary phase for rapid preparation of microaffinity chromatography. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2022 (PubMed: 36176904) [IF=14.5]

Application: WB    Species: Rat    Sample: HSC-T6 cells

Figure 7 Sal B and Gom D attenuate HSCs activation via PDGFRβ pathway. The mRNA levels of α-SMA (A) and collagen Ӏ (B) in HSC-T6 cells treated with Sal B and Gom D, n = 3–4. (C, D) The effect of siRNA PDGFRβ on Sal B and Gom D′ inhibition in HSC-T6 cellular activation, n = 4–5. The protein levels associated PDGFRβ pathway in HSC-T6 cells treated with Sal B (E) and Gom D (F), n = 3. Data are shown as mean ± SD. ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 versus TGF-β group. $$$P < 0.001 versus siRNA PDGFRβ-Control group.

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