Product: ISG15 Antibody
Catalog: DF6316
Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody to ISG15
Application: WB IHC
Reactivity: Human, Mouse, Rat
Prediction: Pig, Zebrafish, Bovine, Horse, Dog
Mol.Wt.: 18kDa; 18kD(Calculated).
Uniprot: P05161
RRID: AB_2838282

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Product Info

Source:
Rabbit
Application:
WB 1:500-1:2000, IHC 1:50-1:200
*The optimal dilutions should be determined by the end user.
*Tips:

WB: For western blot detection of denatured protein samples. IHC: For immunohistochemical detection of paraffin sections (IHC-p) or frozen sections (IHC-f) of tissue samples. IF/ICC: For immunofluorescence detection of cell samples. ELISA(peptide): For ELISA detection of antigenic peptide.

Reactivity:
Human,Mouse,Rat
Prediction:
Pig(91%), Zebrafish(100%), Bovine(100%), Horse(100%), Dog(100%)
Clonality:
Polyclonal
Specificity:
ISG15 Antibody detects endogenous levels of total ISG15.
RRID:
AB_2838282
Cite Format: Affinity Biosciences Cat# DF6316, RRID:AB_2838282.
Conjugate:
Unconjugated.
Purification:
The antiserum was purified by peptide affinity chromatography using SulfoLink™ Coupling Resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Storage:
Rabbit IgG in phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM NaCl, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol. Store at -20 °C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.
Alias:

Fold/Unfold

G1P2; hUCRP; IFI 15; IFI15; Interferon alpha inducible protein; Interferon induced protein 15; Interferon induced protein IFI-15K; Interferon stimulated protein 15 kDa; Interferon, alpha-inducible protein (clone IFI-15K); Interferon-induced 15 kDa protein; Interferon-induced 17 kDa protein; Interferon-induced 17-kDa/15-kDa protein; IP17; ISG 15; ISG15; ISG15 ubiquitin like modifier; ISG15_HUMAN; Ubiquitin cross-reactive protein; Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15; UCRP;

Immunogens

Immunogen:
Uniprot:
Gene(ID):
Expression:
P05161 ISG15_HUMAN:

Detected in lymphoid cells, striated and smooth muscle, several epithelia and neurons. Expressed in neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. Enhanced expression seen in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, endometrial cancer, and bladder cancer, as compared to non-cancerous tissue. In bladder cancer, the increase in expression exhibits a striking positive correlation with more advanced stages of the disease.

Description:
Interferon-stimulated 15 kDa protein (ISG15), also known as ubiquitin cross-reactive protein (UCRP), is a member of the ubiquitin-like protein family and functions in various biological pathways from pregnancy to innate immune responses (1). Expression of ISG15 is stimulated by cellular exposure to type 1 interferons α and β, in addition to infection with viruses such as influenza B (2,3). After exposure to type I interferons, both lymphocytes and monocytes, in addition to some fibroblasts and epithelial cells, release ISG15 into culture medium (1,4). ISG15 has been shown to function as a cytokine, stimulating interferon γ secretion by monocytes and macrophages, proliferation of natural killer cells, and chemotactic responses in neutrophils (4,5). ISG15 has also been shown to function intracellularly, being covalently conjugated to other proteins by E1 (Ube1L), E2 (UbcH8) and E3 ligases via a multi-step process analogous to ubiquitination (6,7). ISG15 is removed from proteins by the ubiquitin processing protease Ubp43 (8). ISG15-protein conjugation (ISGylation) is induced by type 1 interferons, and target proteins include the serine protease inhibitor Serpin 2A, PLCγ1, ERK1/2, Jak1 and Stat1 (9,10). Unlike ubiquitination, ISGylation does not target proteins for degradation, rather ISGylation increases Jak1 and Stat1 activity, enhancing the cellular response to interferons (11).
Sequence:
MGWDLTVKMLAGNEFQVSLSSSMSVSELKAQITQKIGVHAFQQRLAVHPSGVALQDRVPLASQGLGPGSTVLLVVDKCDEPLSILVRNNKGRSSTYEVRLTQTVAHLKQQVSGLEGVQDDLFWLTFEGKPLEDQLPLGEYGLKPLSTVFMNLRLRGGGTEPGGRS

Predictions

Predictions:

Score>80(red) has high confidence and is suggested to be used for WB detection. *The prediction model is mainly based on the alignment of immunogen sequences, the results are for reference only, not as the basis of quality assurance.

Species
Results
Score
Horse
100
Bovine
100
Dog
100
Zebrafish
100
Pig
91
Rabbit
75
Sheep
0
Xenopus
0
Chicken
0
Model Confidence:
High(score>80) Medium(80>score>50) Low(score<50) No confidence

PTMs - P05161 As Substrate

Site PTM Type Enzyme
S26 Phosphorylation
K29 Ubiquitination
K35 Ubiquitination
S50 Phosphorylation
C78 S-Nitrosylation

Research Backgrounds

Function:

Ubiquitin-like protein which plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection either via its conjugation to a target protein (ISGylation) or via its action as a free or unconjugated protein. ISGylation involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions involving E1, E2, and E3 enzymes which catalyze the conjugation of ISG15 to a lysine residue in the target protein. Its target proteins include IFIT1, MX1/MxA, PPM1B, UBE2L6, UBA7, CHMP5, CHMP2A, CHMP4B and CHMP6. Can also isgylate: EIF2AK2/PKR which results in its activation, DDX58/RIG-I which inhibits its function in antiviral signaling response, EIF4E2 which enhances its cap structure-binding activity and translation-inhibition activity, UBE2N and UBE2E1 which negatively regulates their activity, IRF3 which inhibits its ubiquitination and degradation and FLNB which prevents its ability to interact with the upstream activators of the JNK cascade thereby inhibiting IFNA-induced JNK signaling. Exhibits antiviral activity towards both DNA and RNA viruses, including influenza A, HIV-1 and Ebola virus. Restricts HIV-1 and ebola virus via disruption of viral budding. Inhibits the ubiquitination of HIV-1 Gag and host TSG101 and disrupts their interaction, thereby preventing assembly and release of virions from infected cells. Inhibits Ebola virus budding mediated by the VP40 protein by disrupting ubiquitin ligase activity of NEDD4 and its ability to ubiquitinate VP40. ISGylates influenza A virus NS1 protein which causes a loss of function of the protein and the inhibition of virus replication. The secreted form of ISG15 can: induce natural killer cell proliferation, act as a chemotactic factor for neutrophils and act as a IFN-gamma-inducing cytokine playing an essential role in antimycobacterial immunity. The secreted form acts through the integrin ITGAL/ITGB2 receptor to initiate activation of SRC family tyrosine kinases including LYN, HCK and FGR which leads to secretion of IFNG and IL10; the interaction is mediated by ITGAL.

PTMs:

S-nitrosylation decreases its dimerization, thereby increasing the availability as well as the solubility of monomeric ISG15 for its conjugation to cellular proteins.

Induced as an inactive, precursor protein that is cleaved by specific proteases to expose the C-terminal diglycine (LRLRGG) motif. This motif is essential not only for its conjugation to substrates but also for its recognition by the relevant processing proteases.

Subcellular Location:

Cytoplasm. Secreted.
Note: Exists in three distinct states: free within the cell, released into the extracellular space, or conjugated to target proteins.

Extracellular region or secreted Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Manual annotation Automatic computational assertionSubcellular location
Tissue Specificity:

Detected in lymphoid cells, striated and smooth muscle, several epithelia and neurons. Expressed in neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. Enhanced expression seen in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, endometrial cancer, and bladder cancer, as compared to non-cancerous tissue. In bladder cancer, the increase in expression exhibits a striking positive correlation with more advanced stages of the disease.

Subunit Structure:

Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with, and is conjugated to its targets by UBE1L (E1 enzyme) and UBE2E2 (E2 enzyme). Interacts with NEDD4.

(Microbial infection) Interacts with vaccinia virus protein E3.

(Microbial infection) Interaction with influenza B NS1 protein inhibits its conjugation.

Family&Domains:

Both the Ubiquitin-like 1 and Ubiquitin-like 2 domains are required for its efficient conjugation to cellular proteins. The two domains play different roles in the ISGylation pathway: Ubiquitin-like 2 domain is necessary for the first two steps allowing the linking of ISG15 to the E1 and E2 enzymes while Ubiquitin-like 1 domain is essential for the final, E3-mediated transfer of ISG15, from the E2 to the Lys of the target protein (PubMed:18356159).

Research Fields

· Human Diseases > Infectious diseases: Viral > Human papillomavirus infection.

· Organismal Systems > Immune system > RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway.   (View pathway)

References

1). Annexin A2 (ANXA2) regulates the transcription and alternative splicing of inflammatory genes in renal tubular epithelial cells. BMC Genomics, 2022 [IF=4.4]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: HK2 cells

Fig. 2ANXA2 regulated inflammatory gene mRNA and protein expression in HK2 cells. A Top ten GO biological processes terms enriched by upregulated DEGs in shANXA2 cells vs shCtrl cells. B Top ten KEGG functional pathways enriched by upregulated DEGs in shANXA2 cells vs shCtrl cells. C Top ten KEGG functional pathways enriched by downregulated DEGs in shANXA2 cells vs shCtrl cells. D Validation of mRNA expression of CCL5, IFI6, IFI44, IFITM1,and LTB by qRT-PCR assay. E Validation of mRNA expression of IRF7 and ISG15 by qRT-PCR assay. F Representative images showing protein levels of ANXA2, CCL5, IFI6, IFI44, IFITM1, LTB, IRF7 and ISG15 in LV-shANXA2 group vs LV-shCtrl group. Results are represented as mean ± SD.(n = 3,* P 

2). ISG15 is associated with cervical cancer development. Oncology Letters, 2022 (PubMed: 36238852) [IF=2.9]

Application: WB    Species: Human    Sample: HeLa cell

Figure 3. ISG15 promotes the proliferation and invasion of HeLa cells. (A) The Cancer Genome Atlas survival analysis of ISG15. (B) Relative ISG15 expression in cervical cancer tissues. (C) IHC staining (×200 magnification) and ISG15 score. (D) RT-qPCR results demonstrated the success of the ISG15 interference assay, where ISG15 expression was reduced in cells transfected with ISG15 siRNA compared with the siRNA negative control (P

3). CCL21 and CLDN11 Are Key Driving Factors of Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer. Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center, 2024 (PubMed: 38553809) [IF=2.6]

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